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University of Belgrade, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Karnegijeva 4 , Belgrade , Serbia
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University of Belgrade, Department of Chemical Dynamics, and Permanent Education, „VINČA" Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Mike Petrovića Alasa , Belgrade , Serbia
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University of Belgrade, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Njegoševa 12 , Belgrade , Serbia
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University of Belgrade, Innovation Center of Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy LTD., Karnegijeva 4 , Belgrade , Serbia
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University of Belgrade, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Karnegijeva 4 , Belgrade , Serbia
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University of Belgrade, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Karnegijeva 4 , Belgrade , Serbia
University of Belgrade, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Njegoševa 12 , Belgrade , Serbia
The alumina nanoparticles (Al₂O₃) were synthesized using the sol-gel technique from an inorganic solution. The obtained nanoparticles had a microstructure of corundum after calcination at 1000°C. For characterization of alumina nanoparticles, use the FE-SEM/EDS method with mapping software, XRD, and TEM. The α-Al₂O₃ phase was detected with an average particle size of 100 nm. After synthesis of Al₂O₃ nanoparticles, the various concentrations of particles were added in lab-made sulfate electrolyte (1.0, 3.0, and 5.0 wt. %). The direct current (DC) galvanostatic regime with constant current density (50 mA·cm-2) was chosen for co-electrodeposited free Cu layers and an alumina particles in-corporated copper composite layers. Three layer thicknesses were designed: 2, 22, and 52 μm with the aim of investigating the influence of layer thickness on the change in mechanical (hardness and adhesion), structural (grain size, crystallinity), topography (roughness), and hydrophilic/hydrophobic (water contact angle) properties of the layers. The optimal layer thickness and concentrations of alumina particles were done. After microindentation testing, increased microhardness values were observed: 9.96 % (1.0 wt. % of α-Al₂O₃), 134.1 % (3.0 wt. % of α-Al₂O₃), and 61.9 % (5.0 wt. % of α-Al₂O₃) compared with the Cu layer without alumina reinforcement. The adhesion values of Cu and Cu-Al2O3 layers were evaluated according to micro indentation adhesion method and Chen-Gao mathematical model which used for calculated the critical reduced depth. The best adhesion has a layer of Cu-Al₂O₃ with 1.0 wt. % of alumina particles and 52 μm thickness. The surface roughness parameter of the alumina-reinforced copper layer increased from 3 to 7 times compared to Cu-free layers, according to AFM analysis. By incorporating 3.0 and 5.0 wt. % of α-Al₂O₃, the composite film becomes harder than the brass substrate (HV = 144), and layer hardnesses were 102 HV (1.0 wt. % of α-Al₂O₃), 217 HV (3.0 wt. % of α-Al₂O₃), and 150 HV (5.0 wt. % of α-Al₂O₃) for an optimal layer thickness of 22 μm. The oscillation of microhardness values is consistent with the change in copper grain size. Based on image analysis, the grain size of the copper layer is in the range of 0.7 to 2.5 μm, and for the layer with particles, it is in the range of 0.9 to 4.5 μm. Grain size of copper layes have the same trend as the roughness, shows an increasing character with increasing layer thickness and with the incorporation of alumina particles. Wettability of the layer is better when α-Al₂O₃ nanoparticles are incorporated in the layer, and the measured water contact angles ranged from 66.57 ± 0.94° to 81.42 ± 1.10°.
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This work was funded by Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation of Republic of Serbia (Grants No. 451-03-66/2024-03/200026, 451-03-136/2025-03/200017, 451-03-65/2024-03/200135, and 451-03-136/2025-03/200287).
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